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Protect your WordPress by hiding the REST API

The WordPress REST API was introduced in the WordPress core at the end of 2016 with the release of WordPress 4.6. Like all the big changes that appear in the platform, the REST API generated controversy in some and indifference in others.

It’s even possible that you have no idea what it is, but if you have an updated version of WordPress (and you should) you are exposing many aspects of your website publicly through the REST API. Just append the fragment /wp-json/ to your domain name and visit this URL to see it with your own eyes.

Moreover, do the exercise of visiting the following web URLs and you may be surprised with what you’ll find:

  • mydomain.com/wp-json/wp/v2/users
  • mydomain.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts

As a result of the first URL you will have a JSON with the data of the users of your web. Notice that user identifiers are included there, and this is something that people traditionally hide due to security issues and to prevent possible attacks.

The second URL shows us a list with the last posts. However, if you have protected content that only certain premium users of your website (in a membership site, for example) should have access to, it’s possible that you’ve been exposing this premium content through the REST API.

Let’s see how we can avoid compromised situations by being more aware of what we publicly expose through the WordPress REST API.

Show WordPress REST API Only to Registered Users

A solution that we can implement to hide the WordPress REST API is to prevent those users who are not registered on our website from accessing it.

To hide the REST API to unregistered users, we must add the following code in our WordPress. Remember that you can put it in the functions.php file of your theme or just develop a plugin for it (a much better option).


}
if ( ! current_user_can( 'administrator' ) ) {
return new WP_Error( 'rest_not_admin', 'You are not an administrator.', array( 'status' => 401 ) );
}
return $result;
});


}
return $result;
});

Change Password in CodeIgniter with Callback Validation to Check Old Password

Change password in CodeIgniter with callback validation for check old password.

Controller

application/controllers/Users.php



defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');

class Users extends CI_Controller{
    
    public function __construct()
    {
        parent::__construct();
        $this->load->helper('form');
        $this->load->library('form_validation');
        $this->load->model('users_model');
    }
    
    private function logged_in()
    {
        if( ! $this->session->userdata('authenticated')){
            redirect('users/login');
        }
    }
    
    public function changePassword()
    {
        $this->logged_in();

        $data['title'] = 'Change Password';

        $this->load->library('form_validation');

        $this->form_validation->set_rules('oldpass', 'old password', 'callback_password_check');
        $this->form_validation->set_rules('newpass', 'new password', 'required');
        $this->form_validation->set_rules('passconf', 'confirm password', 'required|matches[newpass]');

        $this->form_validation->set_error_delimiters('
', '
'
); if($this->form_validation->run() == false) { $this->load->view('header', $data); $this->load->view('users/change_password', $data); $this->load->view('footer', $data); } else { $id = $this->session->userdata('id'); $newpass = $this->input->post('newpass'); $this->users_model->update_user($id, array('password' => md5($newpass))); redirect('users/logout'); } } public function password_check($oldpass) { $id = $this->session->userdata('id'); $user = $this->users_model->get_user($id); if($user->password !== md5($oldpass)) { $this->form_validation->set_message('password_check', 'The {field} does not match'); return false; } return true; } } ?>

Model

application/models/Users_model.php



defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');

class Users_model extends CI_Model{
    
    public function get_user($id)
    {
        $this->db->where('id', $id);
        $query = $this->db->get('users');
        return $query->row();
    }

    public function update_user($id, $userdata)
    {
        $this->db->where('id', $id);
        $this->db->update('users', $userdata);
    }
}
?>

View

application/views/users/change_password.php

div class="row justify-content-center">
    <div class="col-6">
        <h1> echo $title ?>h1>
         echo form_open('users/changePassword', array('id' => 'passwordForm'))?>
            <div class="form-group">
                <input type="password" name="oldpass" id="oldpass" class="form-control" placeholder="Old Password" />
                 echo form_error('oldpass', '
', '
'
)?>
div> <div class="form-group"> <input type="password" name="newpass" id="newpass" class="form-control" placeholder="New Password" /> echo form_error('newpass', '
', '
'
)?>
div> <div class="form-group"> <input type="password" name="passconf" id="passconf" class="form-control" placeholder="Confirm Password" /> echo form_error('passconf', '
', '
'
)?>
div> <div class="form-group"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-success">Change Passwordbutton> div> echo form_close(); ?> div> div>

How to install MySQL server on CentOS 8 Linux

How do I install MySQL server 8.0 on CentOS 8 Linux server running on Linode and AWS cloud? How do I add and set up a new MySQL user and database account on the newly created CentOS server?

Oracle MySQL server version 8.0 is a free and open-source free database server. It is one of the most popular database system used in web apps and websites on the Internet.

Typically MySQL is part of the LAMP (Linux, Apache/Nginx, MySQL, Perl/Python/PHP) stack. Popular open-source software such as WordPress, MediaWiki, and others profoundly used by MySQL as a database storage engine. Let us see how to install MySQL server version 8.x on CentOS 8 Linux server.

How to install MySQL server on a CentOS 8

First, open the terminal app and then log in to your CentOS server using the ssh command:
$ ssh vivek@centos-8-ec2-box-ip
Now, update CentOS system to apply security updates and fixes on Linux system using the dnf command/yum command:
$ sudo yum update
## or ##
$ sudo dnf update

Sample outputs:

CentOS-8 - AppStream                            21 MB/s | 5.8 MB     00:00    
CentOS-8 - Base                                 14 MB/s | 2.2 MB     00:00    
CentOS-8 - Extras                               50 kB/s | 8.6 kB     00:00    
Dependencies resolved.
Nothing to do.
Complete!

Step 1 – Installing MySQL 8 server

Luckily our CentOS 8 box comes with MySQL 8 server package. Let us search for it:
$ sudo yum search mysql-server
$ sudo yum module list mysql

And we see:

Last metadata expiration check: 0:02:47 ago on Mon Nov 23 16:26:31 2020.
===================== Name Exactly Matched: mysql-server ======================
mysql-server.x86_64 : The MySQL server and related files

Next, find out version information, run:
$ sudo yum info mysql-server
Here is what we see:

Last metadata expiration check: 0:02:22 ago on Mon Nov 23 16:26:31 2020.
Available Packages
Name         : mysql-server
Version      : 8.0.21
Release      : 1.module_el8.2.0+493+63b41e36
Architecture : x86_64
Size         : 22 M
Source       : mysql-8.0.21-1.module_el8.2.0+493+63b41e36.src.rpm
Repository   : AppStream
Summary      : The MySQL server and related files
URL          : http://www.mysql.com
License      : GPLv2 with exceptions and LGPLv2 and BSD
Description  : MySQL is a multi-user, multi-threaded SQL database server. MySQL
             : is a client/server implementation consisting of a server daemon
             : (mysqld) and many different client programs and libraries. This
             : package contains the MySQL server and some accompanying files
             : and directories.

Install it:
$ sudo yum install mysql-server

How to install MySQL 8 on CentOS 8 Linux

Click to enlarge

Step 2 – Enabling MySQL 8 mysqld.service,server

The service name is mysqld.service, and we need to enable it using the following systemctl command:
$ sudo systemctl enable mysqld.service
Confirmation displayed:

reated symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mysqld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service.

Start the service and then verify it:
$ sudo systemctl start mysqld.service
$ sudo systemctl status mysqld.service

 mysqld.service - MySQL 8.0 database server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2020-11-23 16:50:14 UTC; 4s ago
  Process: 551 ExecStopPost=/usr/libexec/mysql-wait-stop (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 681 ExecStartPost=/usr/libexec/mysql-check-upgrade (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 601 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/mysql-prepare-db-dir mysqld.service (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 577 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/mysql-check-socket (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 637 (mysqld)
   Status: "Server is operational"
    Tasks: 39 (limit: 24960)
   Memory: 331.0M
   CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
           └─637 /usr/libexec/mysqld --basedir=/usr

Nov 23 16:50:13 centos-aws-mysql systemd[1]: Stopped MySQL 8.0 database server.
Nov 23 16:50:13 centos-aws-mysql systemd[1]: Starting MySQL 8.0 database server...
Nov 23 16:50:14 centos-aws-mysql systemd[1]: Started MySQL 8.0 database server.

Step 3 – Securing MySQL 8 server

All you need to do is type the following command, and it will secure MySQL 8 server installation on CentOS Linux:
$ sudo mysql_secure_installation

Please set the password for root here.

New password: 

Re-enter new password: 

Estimated strength of the password: 100 
Do you wish to continue with the password provided?(Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : y
By default, a MySQL installation has an anonymous user,
allowing anyone to log into MySQL without having to have
a user account created for them. This is intended only for
testing, and to make the installation go a bit smoother.
You should remove them before moving into a production
environment.

Remove anonymous users? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : y
Success.


Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from
'localhost'. This ensures that someone cannot guess at
the root password from the network.

Disallow root login remotely? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : y
Success.

By default, MySQL comes with a database named 'test' that
anyone can access. This is also intended only for testing,
and should be removed before moving into a production
environment.


Remove test database and access to it? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : y
 - Dropping test database...
Success.

 - Removing privileges on test database...
Success.

Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes
made so far will take effect immediately.

Reload privilege tables now? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : y
Success.

All done! 

Step 4 – Starting/Stopping/Restarting MySQL 8 server

The syntax is:
$ sudo systemctl start mysql.service
$ sudo systemctl stop mysql.service
$ sudo systemctl restart mysql.service

To view the MySQL 8 service log as follows using the journalctl command:
$ sudo journalctl -u mysqld.service -xe
$ sudo tail -f /var/log/mysql/mysqld.log

MySQL 8 log file sample entries:

2020-11-23T16:55:19.101316Z 0 [System] [MY-013172] [Server] Received SHUTDOWN from user . Shutting down mysqld (Version: 8.0.21).
2020-11-23T16:55:21.728819Z 0 [Warning] [MY-010909] [Server] /usr/libexec/mysqld: Forcing close of thread 10  user: 'root'.
2020-11-23T16:55:23.083389Z 0 [System] [MY-010910] [Server] /usr/libexec/mysqld: Shutdown complete (mysqld 8.0.21)  Source distribution.
2020-11-23T16:56:19.225544Z 0 [System] [MY-010116] [Server] /usr/libexec/mysqld (mysqld 8.0.21) starting as process 524
2020-11-23T16:56:19.237500Z 1 [System] [MY-013576] [InnoDB] InnoDB initialization has started.
2020-11-23T16:56:19.562441Z 1 [System] [MY-013577] [InnoDB] InnoDB initialization has ended.
2020-11-23T16:56:19.677202Z 0 [System] [MY-011323] [Server] X Plugin ready for connections. Bind-address: '::' port: 33060, socket: /var/lib/mysql/mysqlx.sock
2020-11-23T16:56:19.754024Z 0 [Warning] [MY-010068] [Server] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2020-11-23T16:56:19.754207Z 0 [System] [MY-013602] [Server] Channel mysql_main configured to support TLS. Encrypted connections are now supported for this channel.
2020-11-23T16:56:19.780843Z 0 [System] [MY-010931] [Server] /usr/libexec/mysqld: ready for connections. Version: '8.0.21'  socket: '/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock'  port: 3306  Source distribution.

Step 5 – Testing MySQL 8 installation

So far, so good. You learned how to install, set up, secure, and start/stop the MySQL 8 on CentOS 8 Linux cloud server. It is time to log in as a
mysql root user. The syntax is:
$ mysql -u root -p
$ mysql -u USER -h host -p
$ mysql -u USER -h host -p mysql

Let us type a few SQL commands at the mysql> prompt:
STATUS;
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE "%version%";
quit

Testing MySQL on CentOS 8

Step 6 – Creating a new MySQL 8 database and user account with password

Let create a new database called ‘spacedb‘, type at the mysql> prompt:
CREATE DATABASE spacedb;
Next, we are going to create a new user named ‘mars‘ for our database called ‘spacedb’ as follows:
CREATE USER 'mars'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'User_Password_Here';
Finally, give permissions:
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON spacedb.* TO 'mars'@'%';
Of course, we can grant ALL PRIVILEGES too as follows:
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON spacedb.* TO 'mars'@'%';
See MySQL 8 users and their grants/permissions as follows:
SELECT user,host FROM mysql.user;
SHOW GRANTS for mars;
quit

Test new user settings and DB as follows:
mysql -u mars -p spacedb
mysql -u mars -h localhost -p spacedb

Creating MySQL 8 database with user and password on CentOS 8

Where,

  • -u mars; : User name for login
  • -h localhost : Connect to server named localhost
  • -p : Prompt for password
  • spacedb : Connect to database named spacedb

Step 7 – Configuring MySQL 8 server on a CentOS 8

Let us see default config file using the cat command:
# cat /etc/my.cnf.d/mysql-server.cnf
Config:

[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
log-error=/var/log/mysql/mysqld.log
pid-file=/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid

Want to allow remote connections to your MySQL server? Edit the /etc/my.cnf.d/mysql-server.cnf and append the following line under [mysqld]:
bind_address = 0.0.0.0

WARNING: See MySQL documentation for a detailed explanation for tuning options as to each server and set up is unique. Do not set up values blindly. I provide them as a starting point for optimizing MySQL 8 installation and values depending upon available RAM, CPU cores, server load and other circumstances.

Set InnoDB settings:

default_storage_engine          = InnoDB
innodb_buffer_pool_instances    = 1
innodb_buffer_pool_size         = 512M
innodb_file_per_table           = 1
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit  = 0
innodb_flush_method             = O_DIRECT
innodb_log_buffer_size          = 16M
innodb_log_file_size            = 512M
innodb_stats_on_metadata        = 0
innodb_read_io_threads          = 64
innodb_write_io_threads         = 64

MyISAM settings:

# UPD
key_buffer_size                 = 32M   
low_priority_updates            = 1
concurrent_insert               = 2
# UPD
max_connections                 = 100   
back_log                        = 512
thread_cache_size               = 100
thread_stack                    = 192K
interactive_timeout             = 180
wait_timeout                    = 180

Buffer settings UPD:

join_buffer_size                = 4M    
read_buffer_size                = 3M    
read_rnd_buffer_size            = 4M    
sort_buffer_size                = 4M

Edit and config logging if needed (by default slow_query disabled):

log_queries_not_using_indexes   = 1
long_query_time                 = 5
#slow_query_log                  = 0     
#slow_query_log_file             = /var/log/mysql/mysql_slow.log

This is useful for mysqldump command to make backups:

[mysqldump]
quick
quote_names
max_allowed_packet              = 64M

Step 8 – Firewall configuration to open MySQL server TCP port 3306

Are you using MySQL 8 server remotely? Do you have Apache/Nginx/PHP/Python/Perl app on another server? Then open port for everyone:
$ sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-service=mysql --permanent
Only allow access from 192.168.1.0/24 CIDR:
$ sudo firewall-cmd \
--add-rich-rule 'rule family="ipv4" \
source address="192.168.1.0/24" \
service name="mysql" accept' --permanent

The above is fine grained firewalld access rules to restrict access to MySQL 8 server to VLAN users only. See how to set up a firewall using FirewallD on CentOS 8 Linux for more info.

Conclusion

And there you have it, Oracle MySQL server version 8.x set up and running correctly on a CentOS Linux 8 server with Firewalld config. Further, you learned how to add a new database, user, and password for your project including MySQL 8 server tuning options.

Install Oracle Database 19c on CentOS 8 in VirtualBox

** Please use the root user to edit the files and execute the commands unless further notice. **

Prerequisite

  1. Install the latest VirtualBox Platform Package and the VirtualBox Extension Pack (Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack-VERSION.vbox-extpack).
  2. Download the latest VirtualBox Guest Additions (VBoxGuestAdditions_VERSION.iso).
  3. Download the latest CentOS Stream 8.
  4. Create a new virtual machine and install the CentOS to the virtual machine. During the CentOS installation, select Workstation as Base Environment, select Container ManagementDevelopment Tools and Graphical Administration Tools as Additional software for Selected Environment. Use http://mirror.centos.org/centos/8/BaseOS/x86_64/os/ as the installation source.
  5. After installing the CentOS, execute the following commands to get the required libraries to create applications for handling compiled objects.
dnf update
dnf -y install elfutils-libelf-devel
  1. Insert the ISO of VirtualBox Guest Additions to the virtual machine, and then install it.

Download Packages and Software

Hostname and Host File

  1. Open the file /etc/hostname, change the content to update the hostname.
ol8-19.localdomain
  1. Open the file /etc/hosts, add your IP address and hostname.
192.168.122.1 ol8-19.localdomain

Install Required Packages

  1. Perform a dnf update to update every currently installed package.
dnf update
  1. Add execute permission to the downloaded rpm files.
chmod u+x *.rpm
  1. Install the libcapl library for getting and setting POSIX.1e (formerly POSIX 6) draft 15 capabilities.
dnf localinstall -y compat-libcap1-1.10-7.el7.x86_64.rpm
  1. Inatll the libstdc++ package which contains compatibility standard C++ library from GCC 3.3.4.
dnf localinstall -y compat-libstdc++-33-3.2.3-72.el7.x86_64.rpm
  1. Install the below required packages.
dnf install -y bc binutils elfutils-libelf elfutils-libelf-devel fontconfig-devel \
    gcc gcc-c++ glibc glibc-devel ksh ksh libaio libaio-devel libgcc libnsl libnsl.i686 \
    libnsl2 libnsl2.i686 librdmacm-devel libstdc++ libstdc++-devel libX11 libXau libxcb \
    libXi libXrender libXrender-devel libXtst make net-tools nfs-utils smartmontools \
    sysstat targetcli unixODBC;

Install Oracle Installation Prerequisites

  1. Install the Oracle Installation Prerequisites (OIP) package.
dnf localinstall -y oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
  1. Open the /etc/group file, update the GID of the below items.
oinstall:x:64890:oracle
dba:x:64891:oracle
oper:x:64892:oracle
backupdba:x:64893:oracle
dgdba:x:64894:oracle
kmdba:x:64895:oracle
racdba:x:64896:oracle
  1. Open the /etc/passwd file, update both the UID and GID of account oracle.
oracle:x:64890:64890::/home/oracle:/bin/bash
  1. Update the password of account oracle.
passwd oracle
  1. Set secure Linux to permissive by editing the /etc/selinux/config file.
SELINUX=permissive
  1. Set the secure Linux change right now.
setenforce Permissive
  1. Disable the firewall.
systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld

Setup Oracle User Profile

  1. Create Oracle directories.
mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1
mkdir -p /u02/oradata
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01 /u02
chmod -R 775 /u01 /u02
  1. Create a new directory for Oracle user.
mkdir -p /home/oracle/scripts
chown -R oracle:oinstall /home/oracle
  1. Create an environment setting file.
cat > /home/oracle/scripts/setEnv.sh <<EOF
# Oracle Settings
export TMP=/tmp
export TMPDIR=\$TMP

export ORACLE_HOSTNAME=$HOSTNAME
export ORACLE_UNQNAME=cdb1
export ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle
export ORACLE_HOME=\$ORACLE_BASE/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1
export ORA_INVENTORY=/u01/app/oraInventory
export ORACLE_SID=cdb1
export PDB_NAME=pdb1
export DATA_DIR=/u02/oradata

export PATH=/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:\$PATH
export PATH=\$ORACLE_HOME/bin:\$PATH

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=\$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib
export CLASSPATH=\$ORACLE_HOME/jlib:\$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/jlib
EOF
  1. Create a startup shell script.
cat > /home/oracle/scripts/start_all.sh <<EOF
#!/bin/bash
. /home/oracle/scripts/setEnv.sh

export ORAENV_ASK=NO
. oraenv
export ORAENV_ASK=YES

dbstart \$ORACLE_HOME
EOF
  1. Create a stop shell script.
cat > /home/oracle/scripts/stop_all.sh <<EOF
#!/bin/bash
. /home/oracle/scripts/setEnv.sh

export ORAENV_ASK=NO
. oraenv
export ORAENV_ASK=YES

dbshut \$ORACLE_HOME
EOF
  1. Update the owner and permission of the shell scripts and its parent directory.
chown -R oracle:oinstall /home/oracle
chmod u+x /home/oracle/scripts/*.sh
  1. Set the environment when the Bash runs whenever it is started interactively.
cat > /home/oracle/.bashrc <<EOF
#.bashrc

# User specific aliases and functions

alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'

# Source global definitions
if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
  . /etc/bashrc
fi

. /home/oracle/scripts/setEnv.sh >> /home/oracle/.bashrc
EOF

chown oracle:oinstall /home/oracle/.bashrc

Create and Add New Swap File

  1. Run the following command, with oracle user, to create and apply new swap file.
dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/additional-swap bs=1048576 count=4096
chmod 600 /tmp/additional-swap
mkswap /tmp/additional-swap
  1. Apply the swap by executing the following command with root user.
swapon /tmp/additional-swap

Install Oracle Database

  1. Set the DISPLAY variable with oracle user.
DISPLAY=$HOSTNAME:0.0; export DISPLAY
  1. Unzip the archive with oracle user.
cd $ORACLE_HOME
unzip -oq /path/to/software/LINUX.X64_193000_db_home.zip
  1. “Cheat” the installer about the distribution with oracle user.
export CV_ASSUME_DISTID=RHEL7.6
  1. Run the installer, with oracle user, to install Oracle database.
cd $ORACLE_HOME
./runInstaller -ignorePrereq -waitforcompletion -silent                        \
    -responseFile ${ORACLE_HOME}/install/response/db_install.rsp               \
    oracle.install.option=INSTALL_DB_SWONLY                                    \
    ORACLE_HOSTNAME=${ORACLE_HOSTNAME}                                         \
    UNIX_GROUP_NAME=oinstall                                                   \
    INVENTORY_LOCATION=${ORA_INVENTORY}                                        \
    SELECTED_LANGUAGES=en,en_GB                                                \
    ORACLE_HOME=${ORACLE_HOME}                                                 \
    ORACLE_BASE=${ORACLE_BASE}                                                 \
    oracle.install.db.InstallEdition=EE                                        \
    oracle.install.db.OSDBA_GROUP=dba                                          \
    oracle.install.db.OSBACKUPDBA_GROUP=dba                                    \
    oracle.install.db.OSDGDBA_GROUP=dba                                        \
    oracle.install.db.OSKMDBA_GROUP=dba                                        \
    oracle.install.db.OSRACDBA_GROUP=dba                                       \
    SECURITY_UPDATES_VIA_MYORACLESUPPORT=false                                 \
    DECLINE_SECURITY_UPDATES=true
  1. If the setup is success, the following message should be printed on screen.
Successfully Setup Software.
  1. Execute the below scripts, with root user, to update the permission of Oracle directories and set the environment variables.
/u01/app/oraInventory/orainstRoot.sh
/u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1/root.sh

Database Creation

  1. Start the listener with oracle user.
lsnrctl start
  1. Create a database with oracle user.
dbca -silent -createDatabase                                                   \
     -templateName General_Purpose.dbc                                         \
     -gdbname ${ORACLE_SID} -sid  ${ORACLE_SID} -responseFile NO_VALUE         \
     -characterSet AL32UTF8                                                    \
     -sysPassword SysPassword1                                                 \
     -systemPassword SysPassword1                                              \
     -createAsContainerDatabase true                                           \
     -numberOfPDBs 1                                                           \
     -pdbName ${PDB_NAME}                                                      \
     -pdbAdminPassword PdbPassword1                                            \
     -databaseType MULTIPURPOSE                                                \
     -automaticMemoryManagement false                                          \
     -totalMemory 1000                                                         \
     -storageType FS                                                           \
     -datafileDestination "${DATA_DIR}"                                        \
     -redoLogFileSize 50                                                       \
     -emConfiguration NONE                                                     \
     -ignorePreReqs

Listener Update

  1. Replace or edit the listener.ora file, with oracle user, to set the correct hostname, port number and SID name.
cat > /u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora <<EOF
LISTENER =
  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(PORT = 1539))
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))
    )
  )

SID_LIST_LISTENER =
  (SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
      (SID_NAME = ${ORACLE_SID})
    )
  )

EOF
  1. Reload the Oracle Listener.
lsnrctl reload

Post Installation

  1. Edit the /etc/oratab file, with root user, to update the restart flag from ‘N‘ to ‘Y‘.
orcl:/u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1:Y
  1. Configure the Database instance “orcl” with auto startup.
cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
ln -s spfilecdb1.ora initorcl.ora
  1. Enable Oracle Managed Files (OMF) and make sure the PDB starts when the instance starts.
sqlplus / as sysdba <<EOF
alter system set db_create_file_dest='${DATA_DIR}';
alter pluggable database ${PDB_NAME} save state;
exit;
EOF
  1. Execute the following commands, with root user, to start the Oracle Listener automatically.
cat > /home/oracle/scripts/cron.sh <<EOF1
#!/bin/bash

. /home/oracle/scripts/setEnv.sh

echo "\`date\`" > /home/oracle/scripts/last.log

lsnrctl start

sleep 3

lsnrctl reload

sleep 3

sqlplus /nolog <
conn / as sysdba
startup
EOF

EOF1

chown oracle:oinstall /home/oracle/scripts/cron.sh
chmod 744 /home/oracle/scripts/cron.sh
  1. Use the following command, with oracle user, to edit the crontab file.
crontab -e
  1. Put the following cron job in the first line of crontab file, then press the keys :wq to save and exit.
@reboot /home/oracle/scripts/cron.sh

Healthcheck

  1. Login as oracle user and then execute the following commands one-by-one.
sqlplus /nolog
conn / as sysdba;
select * from v$version;
show pdbs;

Create New User and Tablespace

  1. Login as Sysdba with SqlPlus.
sqlplus / as sysdba
  1. Update the seesion setting _ORACLE_SCRIPT to true to allow common user comes without c## as prefix.
ALTER SESSION SET "_ORACLE_SCRIPT"=true;
  1. Create a new tablespace with an automatic extensible size 100MB, maximum 10G in size.
-- DROP TABLESPACE my_tablespace INCLUDING CONTENTS AND DATAFILES;
-- Location of the dat file: /u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1/dbs/my_tablespace.dat
-- SELECT tablespace_name, block_size, max_size, status FROM DBA_TABLESPACES;
CREATE TABLESPACE my_tablespace
  DATAFILE 'my_tablespace.dat'
    SIZE 100M
    AUTOEXTEND ON
    NEXT 32M MAXSIZE 10G
    EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
    SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO
;

SELECT FILE_ID, FILE_NAME, TABLESPACE_NAME, AUTOEXTENSIBLE, INCREMENT_BY 
FROM DBA_DATA_FILES ORDER BY FILE_ID DESC;
  1. [Optional] Update the password life time from 180 days (default) to unlimited.
ALTER PROFILE DEFAULT LIMIT PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME UNLIMITED;
  1. Create a new user.
-- ALTER SESSION SET "_ORACLE_SCRIPT"=true;
-- DROP USER newuser CASCADE;
CREATE USER newuser IDENTIFIED BY "P@ssw0rd" DEFAULT TABLESPACE my_tablespace;
  1. Grant permissions to the new user.
-- REVOKE CREATE SESSION FROM newuser;
-- REVOKE CREATE TABLE FROM newuser;
-- REVOKE CREATE VIEW FROM newuser;
-- REVOKE CREATE ANY TRIGGER FROM newuser;
-- REVOKE CREATE ANY PROCEDURE FROM newuser;
-- REVOKE CREATE SEQUENCE FROM newuser;
-- REVOKE CREATE SYNONYM FROM newuser;
GRANT CREATE SESSION TO newuser;
GRANT CREATE TABLE TO newuser;
GRANT CREATE VIEW TO newuser;
GRANT CREATE ANY TRIGGER TO newuser;
GRANT CREATE ANY PROCEDURE TO newuser;
GRANT CREATE SEQUENCE TO newuser;
GRANT CREATE SYNONYM TO newuser;

ALTER USER newuser QUOTA UNLIMITED ON my_tablespace;
  1. [Optional] Grant DBA to the new user.
-- REVOKE DBA FROM newuser;
GRANT DBA TO newuser;

References

CodeIgniter htaccess File

RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /ci301/

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^system.*
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ /index.php?/$1 [L]

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^application.*
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ /index.php?/$1 [L]

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php?/$1 [L]

Windows 7 Activation

@echo off
title Activate Windows 7 / 8 / 8.1 / 10 for FREE!&cls&echo =====================================&echo #Copyright: MSGuides.com&echo =====================================&echo.&echo #Supported products:&echo – Windows 7 Professional&echo – Windows 7 Professional N&echo – Windows 7 Professional E&echo – Windows 7 Enterprise&echo – Windows 7 Enterprise N&echo – Windows 7 Enterprise E&echo – Windows 8 Core&echo – Windows 8 Core Single Language&echo – Windows 8 Professional&echo – Windows 8 Professional N&echo – Windows 8 Professional WMC&echo – Windows 8 Enterprise&echo – Windows 8 Enterprise N&echo – Windows 8.1 Core&echo – Windows 8.1 Core N&echo – Windows 8.1 Core Single Language&echo – Windows 8.1 Professional&echo – Windows 8.1 Professional N&echo – Windows 8.1 Professional WMC&echo – Windows 8.1 Enterprise&echo – Windows 8.1 Enterprise N&echo – Windows 10 Home&echo – Windows 10 Home N&echo – Windows 10 Home Single Language&echo – Windows 10 Home Country Specific&echo – Windows 10 Professional&echo – Windows 10 Professional N&echo – Windows 10 Education N&echo – Windows 10 Education N&echo – Windows 10 Enterprise&echo – Windows 10 Enterprise N&echo – Windows 10 Enterprise LTSB&echo – Windows 10 Enterprise LTSB N&echo.&echo.&echo ====================================&echo Activating your Windows… & cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk FJ82H-XT6CR-J8D7P-XQJJ2-GPDD4 >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk MRPKT-YTG23-K7D7T-X2JMM-QY7MG >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk W82YF-2Q76Y-63HXB-FGJG9-GF7QX >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk 33PXH-7Y6KF-2VJC9-XBBR8-HVTHH >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk YDRBP-3D83W-TY26F-D46B2-XCKRJ >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk C29WB-22CC8-VJ326-GHFJW-H9DH4 >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk BN3D2-R7TKB-3YPBD-8DRP2-27GG4 >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk 2WN2H-YGCQR-KFX6K-CD6TF-84YXQ >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk NG4HW-VH26C-733KW-K6F98-J8CK4 >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk XCVCF-2NXM9-723PB-MHCB7-2RYQQ >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk GNBB8-YVD74-QJHX6-27H4K-8QHDG >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk 32JNW-9KQ84-P47T8-D8GGY-CWCK7 >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk JMNMF-RHW7P-DMY6X-RF3DR-X2BQT >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk M9Q9P-WNJJT-6PXPY-DWX8H-6XWKK >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk 7B9N3-D94CG-YTVHR-QBPX3-RJP64 >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk BB6NG-PQ82V-VRDPW-8XVD2-V8P66 >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk GCRJD-8NW9H-F2CDX-CCM8D-9D6T9 >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk HMCNV-VVBFX-7HMBH-CTY9B-B4FXY >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk 789NJ-TQK6T-6XTH8-J39CJ-J8D3P >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk TX9XD-98N7V-6WMQ6-BX7FG-H8Q99 >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk 3KHY7-WNT83-DGQKR-F7HPR-844BM >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk 7HNRX-D7KGG-3K4RQ-4WPJ4-YTDFH >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk PVMJN-6DFY6-9CCP6-7BKTT-D3WVR >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk W269N-WFGWX-YVC9B-4J6C9-T83GX >nul&cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ipk MH37W-N47XK-V7XM9-C7227-GCQG9 >nul
echo ————————————&echo.&echo.&set i=1
:server
if %i%==1 set KMS_Sev=kms7.MSGuides.com
if %i%==2 set KMS_Sev=kms8.MSGuides.com
if %i%==3 set KMS_Sev=kms9.MSGuides.com
if %i%==4 goto notsupported
cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /skms %KMS_Sev% >nul
cscript //nologo c:\windows\system32\slmgr.vbs /ato | find /i “successfully” && (echo.& echo ====================================== & echo. & choice /n /c YN /m “Would you like to visit my blog [Y,N]?” & if errorlevel 2 exit) || (echo The connection to the server failed! Trying to connect to another one… & echo Please wait… & echo. & echo. & set /a i+=1 & goto server)
explorer “http://MSGuides.com”&goto halt
:notsupported
echo ======================================&echo.&echo Sorry! Your version is not supported.
:halt
pause >nul

Mikrotik 2 Wan – 2 Lan

/interface bridge
add disabled=yes name=FIBER_Bridge
/interface ethernet
set [ find default-name=ether1 ] name=”ether1-WAN 1″
set [ find default-name=ether2 ] name=”ether2-WAN 2″
set [ find default-name=ether3 ] name=”ether3-LAN 1″
set [ find default-name=ether4 ] name=”ether4-LAN 2″
/interface pppoe-client
add add-default-route=yes disabled=no interface=”ether2-WAN 2″ name=\
FIBER_PPPoE password=0000000 user=0842
add add-default-route=yes disabled=no interface=”ether1-WAN 1″ name=\
VDSL_PPPoE password=0000000 user=0842
/interface wireless security-profiles
set [ find default=yes ] supplicant-identity=MikroTik
/ip hotspot profile
set [ find default=yes ] html-directory=flash/hotspot
/ip pool
add name=VDSL ranges=192.168.1.20-192.168.1.254
add name=FIBER ranges=192.168.2.20-192.168.2.254
/ip dhcp-server
add address-pool=VDSL disabled=no interface=”ether3-LAN 1″ name=VDSL-DHCP
add address-pool=FIBER disabled=no interface=”ether4-LAN 2″ name=FIBER-DHCP
/ip address
add address=192.168.1.1/24 interface=”ether3-LAN 1″ network=192.168.1.0
add address=192.168.2.1/24 interface=”ether4-LAN 2″ network=192.168.2.0
/ip dhcp-server network
add address=192.168.1.0/24 dns-server=8.8.8.8 gateway=192.168.1.1
add address=192.168.2.0/24 dns-server=8.8.8.8 gateway=192.168.2.1
/ip dns
set servers=217.24.241.205,217.24.241.206
/ip firewall mangle
add action=mark-routing chain=prerouting comment=”LAN1 go to WAN1″ \
new-routing-mark=LAN1_TO_WAN1 passthrough=yes src-address=192.168.1.0/24
add action=mark-routing chain=prerouting comment=”LAN2 go to WAN2″ \
new-routing-mark=LAN2_TO_WAN2 passthrough=yes src-address=192.168.2.0/24
add action=accept chain=prerouting comment=”Allow ping gateway LAN1″ \
dst-address=192.168.1.1 src-address=192.168.1.0/24
add action=accept chain=prerouting comment=”Allow ping gateway LAN2″ \
dst-address=192.168.2.1 src-address=192.168.2.0/24
/ip firewall nat
add action=masquerade chain=srcnat out-interface=VDSL_PPPoE
add action=masquerade chain=srcnat out-interface=FIBER_PPPoE
/ip route
add comment=”Ndrysho Gateway me ate te ISP LINJA VDSL!!!” distance=1 gateway=\
VDSL_PPPoE routing-mark=LAN1_TO_WAN1
add comment=”Ndrysho Gateway me ate te ISP- LINJA FIBER!!!” distance=1 \
gateway=10.20.0.1 routing-mark=LAN2_TO_WAN2
/ip service
set telnet disabled=yes
set ftp disabled=yes
set www disabled=yes
set ssh disabled=yes
set api address=192.168.1.1/32,192.168.2.1/32
set winbox address=192.168.1.1/32,192.168.2.1/32
set api-ssl address=192.168.1.1/32,192.168.2.1/32
/system clock
set time-zone-name=Europe/Tirane
/system scheduler
add interval=5d name=”Sys Auto Reboot ” on-event=”/system reboot” policy=\
ftp,reboot,read,write,policy,test,password,sniff,sensitive,romon \
start-date=jan/17/2020 start-time=03:30:00

Docker Basic Commands

# Command Description Remarks
1 docker ps Lists all the running containers
2 docker ps -a Lists all the running containers with specific details
3 docker pull (id or name of image) Pull image from Docker hub Registry
4 docker pull (id or name of image) Pull image from Docker hub Registry
5 docker pull (id or name of image) Pull image from Docker hub Registry
6 docker pull (id or name of image) Pull image from Docker hub Registry
7 docker pull (id or name of image) Pull image from Docker hub Registry
8 docker pull (id or name of image) Pull image from Docker hub Registry
9 docker pull (id or name of image) Pull image from Docker hub Registry
10 docker pull (id or name of image) Pull image from Docker hub Registry
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